Research on the Impacts of Reparative Therapy and Harms Caused by Societal Prejudice Conversion therapy, also known as “reparative therapy,” is a harmful and pseudoscientific practice that aims to change an individual’s sexual orientation, including asexuality. The field of psychology has evolved significantly over the years, shedding light on the diverse spectrum of human sexuality. While efforts have been made to destigmatize various sexual orientations, the history of pathologizing and attempting to change non-normative orientations continues to leave a lasting impact. One such phenomenon is asexual ‘conversion’ therapy, which seeks to change an individual’s asexual orientation through psychological or medical interventions. In this article, we explore the research on the impacts of asexual conversion therapy and the potential harms it can inflict. What does conversion therapy look like? Asexual conversion therapy is an attempt to change an individual’s asexual orientation by employing various techniques, including psychological interventions and religious guidance. It operates under the flawed assumption that asexuality is a ‘problem’ that needs fixing, a notion that is rooted in the broader societal misconception that sexual attraction is the sole foundation of human relationships and identities. This form of conversion therapy seeks to invalidate a person’s authentic self, forcing them to conform to normative sexual expectations. However, it is essential to note that the effectiveness of conversion therapy is widely discredited by major medical and psychological organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Historical Context Historically, asexuality was pathologized under different labels in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). From “inhibited sexual desire disorder” to “hypoactive sexual desire disorder,” these terms were used to classify asexuality as a sexual dysfunction, alongside conditions like erectile dysfunction and vaginismus. However, a key distinction must be made: these labels apply only when the lack of sexual interest or fantasies causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulties. Significantly, the term “asexual” itself is absent from these discussions, perpetuating the misunderstanding of asexuality. Conversion therapy by the numbers Accurate statistics on the prevalence of asexual conversion therapy remain scarce due to the lack of comprehensive research. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence suggests that these harmful practices persist, often due to the general misunderstanding and dismissal of asexuality. Many individuals within the asexual community face pressure from families, religious communities, and even mental health professionals to change their orientation. Legal Protections and Future Progress Although the DSM-V includes disclaimers that exclude asexual individuals from being diagnosed with sexual dysfunction if they identify as asexual, there is still much work to be done. Legal protections against ‘conversion therapy’ are often lacking in many Asian countries, leaving individuals vulnerable to harmful practices. Moving forward, efforts should focus on raising awareness about asexuality, advocating for legal protections, and fostering a culture of acceptance and understanding. Mental Health Effects of Asexual Conversion Therapy Asexual conversion therapy can have devastating mental health effects on individuals subjected to it. These effects are similar to those experienced by victims of other forms of conversion therapy: Guidelines for Practice and Addressing Asexual Conversion Therapy In the absence of specific guidelines for working with asexual-identified clients, mental health professionals should adhere to existing multicultural and ethical guidelines. The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Guidelines for Multicultural Practice emphasize recognizing and addressing personal biases, understanding power dynamics, and challenging institutional barriers. Clinicians should adopt a humanistic and feminist approach to therapy. The humanistic model emphasizes empathy, client-centered therapy, and self-empowerment. Therapists should create a safe space for asexual clients to explore their identities without judgment. The feminist model of psychotherapy places importance on the context of clients’ lives and their intersecting social identities. By empowering clients and advocating for social change, therapists can combat the stigma and discrimination that contribute to asexual conversion therapy. Key Statistics about Suicide and LGBTQ+ People: A Dire Connection Research has consistently shown a distressing correlation between conversion therapy and mental health outcomes, including a heightened risk of suicide. LGBTQ+ individuals who are subjected to conversion therapy are significantly more likely to experience depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal ideation. According to a study by the Trevor Project, LGBTQ+ youth who have undergone conversion therapy are more than twice as likely to attempt suicide as those who have not. Advocating for Change: Promoting Acceptance and Banning Conversion Therapy Recognizing the deeply harmful effects of conversion therapy, numerous countries around the world have taken steps to ban or restrict its practice. However, the fight for LGBTQ+ rights and mental health advocacy is far from over. To combat asexual ‘conversion’ therapy in Asia and beyond, it is crucial to: Conclusion Asexual ‘conversion’ therapy in Asia is a distressing practice that highlights the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and acceptance. The harmful effects of conversion therapy on individuals who identify as asexual are deeply troubling, and efforts must be made to raise awareness about these harmful practices, challenge societal prejudices, and advocate for policies that protect LGBTQ+ individuals from such dangerous and unethical treatments. It is essential for governments, medical professionals, and communities to work together to eradicate conversion therapy and promote a more inclusive, understanding, and accepting environment for all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation. As societies evolve, embracing diversity and providing support for LGBTQ+ individuals can help ensure a brighter and more inclusive future for all.
The insidious practice of conversion therapy has long inflicted harm upon LGBTQIA+ individuals, aiming to change their sexual orientation or gender identity under the false pretense of ‘curing’ them. While considerable global attention has focused on efforts to eradicate conversion therapy targeting gay and transgender individuals, the experiences of asexual individuals subjected to these harmful practices have often gone unnoticed. This article delves into the disturbing phenomenon of asexual conversion therapy in Asia, shedding light on its origins, prevalence, and the approaches different countries are taking to curtail this harmful practice. The Alarming Reality of Asexual Conversion Therapy in Asia Asexual conversion therapy involves attempting to change an individual’s asexual orientation or identity through various psychological, emotional, and sometimes even physical interventions. These interventions often include psychotherapy, counseling, religious rituals, and even physical treatments. The goal is to force individuals to conform to societal norms and expectations regarding sexual orientation and relationships. Pathologizing Asexuality: A Historical Context The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has undergone several iterations that reflect the changing perceptions of human sexuality. Asexuality has not escaped the influence of these shifts. Originally classified as “inhibited sexual desire disorder” and later as “hypoactive sexual desire disorder” (HSDD), asexuality was framed as a dysfunction in sexual desire. It’s important to note that the word “asexual” was conspicuously absent in these definitions. Only in the DSM-V was there a step towards recognizing asexuality, indicating that if a person identifies as asexual, the diagnosis and treatment do not apply. The Illusion of Treatment: A Damaging Approach Drawing parallels with the historical pathologization of homosexuality, attempts to pathologize asexuality are concerning. Such efforts overlook an individual’s inherent sexual orientation and attempt to attribute it to external causes, such as trauma. Just as conversion therapy was harmful for gay individuals, it is likely detrimental for asexual individuals. Such attempts to change sexual orientation not only undermine an individual’s identity but can also lead to psychological distress and long-lasting harm. Forced Into ‘Conversion Therapy’: The Asian Experience Across Asia, there have been distressing accounts of asexual individuals being coerced or pressured into undergoing conversion therapy. This practice is typically driven by a combination of factors, including cultural norms, societal expectations, and the desire to protect family honor. Religion does play a role, but it is not the primary driver in the Asian context as it is in other regions. Asexual conversion therapy in Asia is not solely driven by religious motivations, unlike other parts of the world. While religion does play a role, a survey indicated that protection of perceived family honor and cultural reasons were the primary driving factors, identified by 89% and 80% of respondents respectively, as opposed to the 22% who identified religion as a key driver. This highlights the complex interplay of cultural dynamics in perpetuating these harmful practices. Shockingly, the perpetrators of asexual conversion therapy in Asia are often medical and mental health professionals, with private medical providers accounting for 72% and mental health providers for 68% of reported cases. This stands in stark contrast to Africa and Latin America, where religious leaders and institutions are the primary perpetrators. Statistics: Asexual Conversion Therapy in Numbers Globally, the prevalence of asexual conversion therapy remains concerning. In many regions, asexual individuals continue to be subjected to these practices against their will. In Asia, the numbers are particularly alarming, with a significant portion of respondents reporting their experiences with asexual conversion therapy. While the exact prevalence can vary by country and cultural context, the underlying problem remains consistent – the violation of individual rights and the perpetuation of harmful norms. Curbing Asexual Conversion Therapy in Asia Several Asian countries have taken steps to address asexual conversion therapy and promote acceptance of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities: Strategies from Around Asia Several Asian countries are taking steps to address asexual conversion therapy and protect their LGBTQ+ citizens: Guidelines for Ethical Practice Addressing asexual conversion therapy requires a multifaceted approach that involves mental health professionals, policymakers, and society at large. Here are some important guidelines and parameters for practice: Challenges Ahead Despite these encouraging steps, significant challenges remain. Many Asian countries lack comprehensive legal protections against conversion therapy. The deeply entrenched cultural norms and conservative ideologies that fuel these practices are difficult to dismantle. Furthermore, a lack of accurate data and comprehensive research on asexual experiences hinders efforts to quantify the extent of the problem and develop effective strategies for prevention. Conclusion Asexual conversion therapy represents a grim reality that demands our attention and action. As Asian countries gradually awaken to the importance of LGBTQ+ rights, it becomes imperative to address the distinct challenges faced by asexual individuals. Progress is being made, with some countries leading the way in curbing these harmful practices through legal measures, advocacy, and awareness campaigns. The road ahead, however, is long and winding, requiring collaboration between governments, civil society, and the medical community to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, can live their lives free from the torment of conversion therapy.
A crucial aspect to consider when exploring the impact of vaginal dryness is the distinction between asexuality and low libido. Asexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by a lack of sexual attraction to others, regardless of gender. On the other hand, low libido refers to a reduced interest or desire for sexual activity, which can be influenced by various factors such as hormonal changes, medical conditions, and psychological well-being. It can result from various factors, including hormonal changes, medication, and menopause. While this issue is frequently associated with menopausal women, it can manifest in younger individuals as well. Surprisingly, the concern of vaginal dryness may be encountered not only by those with low libido but also by asexual individuals. In this article, we explore the prevalence of vaginal dryness and how it relates to asexuality and low libido, shedding light on these often misunderstood topics. Understanding Vaginal Dryness Vaginal dryness is a condition characterized by a lack of natural lubrication in the vagina. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and various other complications, particularly during sexual activity. Common symptoms of vaginal dryness include burning, itching, bleeding after sex, soreness in the vulva, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or yeast infections, increased frequency of urination, and a decreased desire for sexual intercourse. Statistics indicate that approximately 17% of people assigned female at birth (AFAB) between the ages of 18 to 50 report experiencing problems with vaginal dryness during sex, even before reaching menopause. Furthermore, over half of AFAB individuals experience vaginal dryness after menopause. This highlights that the issue is not exclusive to post-menopausal women but can affect a wide range of individuals. Natural Remedies for Vaginal Dryness Addressing vaginal dryness can involve both medical and natural approaches. Some natural remedies include using external lubricants like natural oils (e.g., grape seed, olive, vegetable, sunflower, or coconut oil) before intercourse. However, it’s important to note that oil-based lubricants can damage condoms, so individuals of childbearing age should opt for water-based lubricants. Additionally, regular sexual stimulation and extended foreplay can help promote natural vaginal moisture, as vaginal wetness is closely tied to arousal. Partners can explore ways to enhance their intimacy and pleasure before engaging in sexual activity. Asexuality VS. Low Libido To comprehend the connection between vaginal dryness, asexuality, and low libido, it’s essential to distinguish between low libido and asexuality. Asexuality is defined as a complete or partial lack of sexual attraction or a lack of interest in sexual activity with others. It exists on a spectrum, and asexual individuals may experience no, little, or conditional sexual attraction. Importantly, asexuality is not a medical condition but rather an intrinsic aspect of an individual’s identity. While asexual women may not be interested in sexual activity for different reasons than those with a low libido, they can still experience vaginal dryness. The lack of sexual desire or activity does not exempt them from the potential physical discomfort associated with vaginal dryness. It’s crucial to recognize that asexual individuals, like anyone else, deserve to have their physical and emotional well-being addressed, even if their sexual interests differ from the norm. Unlike asexuality, low libido is a medical diagnosis and may be associated with distress related to the loss of sexual desire. Asexuality is not a choice or a disorder that requires treatment; it is simply a way that some people naturally are. While asexual individuals may not experience distress related to their lack of sexual attraction, they still face unique challenges, including societal disbelief and misunderstanding. Asexuality, Vaginal Dryness, and Self-Pleasure Female masturbation reaps numerous proven benefits. AFAB individuals who engage in self-pleasure tend to experience more orgasms during partnered sexual activities. Additionally, female masturbation can alleviate menstrual cramps. In mature individuals, self-pleasure might mitigate vaginal dryness and reduce discomfort during sexual intercourse. Research among married AFAB participants reveals that those who engage in masturbation report heightened self-esteem, amplified sexual desire, and greater contentment with their marriage and overall sex life. Crucially, asexuality doesn’t equate to a complete absence of interest in sexual activities. Asexual individuals can still indulge in self-exploration, deriving sexual pleasure and satisfaction. After all, asexuality primarily pertains to the absence of sexual attraction rather than the enjoyment of sexual activities. A survey conducted by the University of British Columbia divulged that a significant proportion of asexual respondents reported engaging in self-pleasure at least monthly. Orgasms, regardless of an individual’s sexual orientation, confer an array of benefits, encompassing stress reduction, anxiety alleviation, mood enhancement, and improved sleep. These advantages underscore the significance of embracing diverse sexual identities and the myriad ways individuals seek comfort and gratification within their bodies. Conclusion In essence, the key takeaway here is that sexual identity, whether asexuality or low libido, does not preclude the possibility of experiencing sexual pleasure and satisfaction through self-pleasure. It’s a reminder that there are numerous paths to finding comfort and contentment within one’s body, and these paths are unique to each individual. Vaginal dryness, while it can affect anyone, need not deter anyone from exploring their own sexual desires and identities. Open dialogue, education, and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations and expressions are fundamental in fostering a more inclusive and understanding society. By recognizing that sexual well-being is a universal concern, we can work towards ensuring that all individuals have the resources and support they need to lead fulfilling and satisfying lives, irrespective of their sexual identity or libido.
The insidious practice of conversion therapy has long inflicted harm upon LGBTQIA+ individuals, aiming to change their sexual orientation or gender identity under the false pretense of ‘curing’ them. While considerable global attention has focused on efforts to eradicate conversion therapy targeting gay and transgender individuals, the experiences of asexual individuals subjected to these harmful practices have often gone unnoticed. This article delves into the disturbing phenomenon of asexual conversion therapy in Asia, shedding light on its origins, prevalence, and the approaches different countries are taking to curtail this harmful practice. The Alarming Reality of Asexual Conversion Therapy in Asia Asexual conversion therapy involves attempting to change an individual’s asexual orientation or identity through various psychological, emotional, and sometimes even physical interventions. These interventions often include psychotherapy, counseling, religious rituals, and even physical treatments. The goal is to force individuals to conform to societal norms and expectations regarding sexual orientation and relationships. Pathologizing Asexuality: A Historical Context The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has undergone several iterations that reflect the changing perceptions of human sexuality. Asexuality has not escaped the influence of these shifts. Originally classified as “inhibited sexual desire disorder” and later as “hypoactive sexual desire disorder” (HSDD), asexuality was framed as a dysfunction in sexual desire. It’s important to note that the word “asexual” was conspicuously absent in these definitions. Only in the DSM-V was there a step towards recognizing asexuality, indicating that if a person identifies as asexual, the diagnosis and treatment do not apply. The Illusion of Treatment: A Damaging Approach Drawing parallels with the historical pathologization of homosexuality, attempts to pathologize asexuality are concerning. Such efforts overlook an individual’s inherent sexual orientation and attempt to attribute it to external causes, such as trauma. Just as conversion therapy was harmful for gay individuals, it is likely detrimental for asexual individuals. Such attempts to change sexual orientation not only undermine an individual’s identity but can also lead to psychological distress and long-lasting harm. Forced Into ‘Conversion Therapy’: The Asian Experience Across Asia, there have been distressing accounts of asexual individuals being coerced or pressured into undergoing conversion therapy. This practice is typically driven by a combination of factors, including cultural norms, societal expectations, and the desire to protect family honor. Religion does play a role, but it is not the primary driver in the Asian context as it is in other regions. Asexual conversion therapy in Asia is not solely driven by religious motivations, unlike other parts of the world. While religion does play a role, a survey indicated that protection of perceived family honor and cultural reasons were the primary driving factors, identified by 89% and 80% of respondents respectively, as opposed to the 22% who identified religion as a key driver. This highlights the complex interplay of cultural dynamics in perpetuating these harmful practices. Shockingly, the perpetrators of asexual conversion therapy in Asia are often medical and mental health professionals, with private medical providers accounting for 72% and mental health providers for 68% of reported cases. This stands in stark contrast to Africa and Latin America, where religious leaders and institutions are the primary perpetrators. Statistics: Asexual Conversion Therapy in Numbers Globally, the prevalence of asexual conversion therapy remains concerning. In many regions, asexual individuals continue to be subjected to these practices against their will. In Asia, the numbers are particularly alarming, with a significant portion of respondents reporting their experiences with asexual conversion therapy. While the exact prevalence can vary by country and cultural context, the underlying problem remains consistent – the violation of individual rights and the perpetuation of harmful norms. Curbing Asexual Conversion Therapy in Asia Several Asian countries have taken steps to address asexual conversion therapy and promote acceptance of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities: India: In 2018, the Indian Supreme Court decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships, marking a significant milestone for LGBTQ+ rights. While conversion therapy is not yet explicitly banned, this decision has paved the way for increased awareness and activism against these harmful practices. Taiwan: In 2020, Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage. This progressive step signifies a shift towards greater LGBTQ+ acceptance and inclusion, indirectly discouraging conversion therapy. South Korea: While conversion therapy is not outlawed in South Korea, public opinion is gradually shifting. In 2020, a popular online petition led to a public debate on the subject, encouraging dialogue about LGBTQ+ rights and the damaging effects of conversion therapy. Thailand: The Ministry of Health in Thailand issued a directive in 2019 urging medical professionals to cease providing conversion therapy. While not legally binding, this move demonstrates recognition of the issue and initiates a broader conversation. Strategies from Around Asia Several Asian countries are taking steps to address asexual conversion therapy and protect their LGBTQ+ citizens: Legislative Reforms: A handful of countries have enacted legal protections against conversion therapy. Taiwan, for instance, became the first Asian nation to ban both conversion therapy for sexual orientation and gender identity in 2020. Similar efforts are underway in countries like South Korea and India. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about asexuality and debunking misconceptions can contribute to a more accepting society. Educational campaigns in schools, communities, and media platforms can foster understanding and empathy. Mental Health Support: Establishing LGBTQ+-friendly mental health services is essential. Culturally sensitive therapists can provide support to those struggling with their identities and help them navigate societal pressures. Supportive Family Initiatives: Programs that focus on promoting family acceptance and providing resources for families to understand asexuality can reduce the likelihood of individuals being forced into conversion therapy. International Collaboration: Organizations and governments can collaborate across borders to share strategies and resources, forming a united front against asexual conversion therapy. Guidelines for Ethical Practice Addressing asexual conversion therapy requires a multifaceted approach that involves mental health professionals, policymakers, and society at large. Here are some important guidelines and parameters for practice: Cultural Competence: Mental health professionals must recognize and understand their own biases and
Research on the Impacts of Reparative Therapy and Harms Caused by Societal Prejudice Conversion therapy, also known as “reparative therapy,” is a harmful and pseudoscientific practice that aims to change an individual’s sexual orientation, including asexuality. The field of psychology has evolved significantly over the years, shedding light on the diverse spectrum of human sexuality. While efforts have been made to destigmatize various sexual orientations, the history of pathologizing and attempting to change non-normative orientations continues to leave a lasting impact. One such phenomenon is asexual ‘conversion’ therapy, which seeks to change an individual’s asexual orientation through psychological or medical interventions. In this article, we explore the research on the impacts of asexual conversion therapy and the potential harms it can inflict. What does conversion therapy look like? Asexual conversion therapy is an attempt to change an individual’s asexual orientation by employing various techniques, including psychological interventions and religious guidance. It operates under the flawed assumption that asexuality is a ‘problem’ that needs fixing, a notion that is rooted in the broader societal misconception that sexual attraction is the sole foundation of human relationships and identities. This form of conversion therapy seeks to invalidate a person’s authentic self, forcing them to conform to normative sexual expectations. However, it is essential to note that the effectiveness of conversion therapy is widely discredited by major medical and psychological organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Historical Context Historically, asexuality was pathologized under different labels in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). From “inhibited sexual desire disorder” to “hypoactive sexual desire disorder,” these terms were used to classify asexuality as a sexual dysfunction, alongside conditions like erectile dysfunction and vaginismus. However, a key distinction must be made: these labels apply only when the lack of sexual interest or fantasies causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulties. Significantly, the term “asexual” itself is absent from these discussions, perpetuating the misunderstanding of asexuality. Conversion therapy by the numbers Accurate statistics on the prevalence of asexual conversion therapy remain scarce due to the lack of comprehensive research. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence suggests that these harmful practices persist, often due to the general misunderstanding and dismissal of asexuality. Many individuals within the asexual community face pressure from families, religious communities, and even mental health professionals to change their orientation. Legal Protections and Future Progress Although the DSM-V includes disclaimers that exclude asexual individuals from being diagnosed with sexual dysfunction if they identify as asexual, there is still much work to be done. Legal protections against ‘conversion therapy’ are often lacking in many Asian countries, leaving individuals vulnerable to harmful practices. Moving forward, efforts should focus on raising awareness about asexuality, advocating for legal protections, and fostering a culture of acceptance and understanding. Mental Health Effects of Asexual Conversion Therapy Asexual conversion therapy can have devastating mental health effects on individuals subjected to it. These effects are similar to those experienced by victims of other forms of conversion therapy: Depression and Anxiety: Asexual individuals subjected to conversion therapy often experience increased levels of depression and anxiety due to the pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations. Self-Esteem and Identity Issues: Being told that their asexuality is wrong or needs fixing can lead to a profound erosion of self-esteem and identity struggles. Isolation and Alienation: Asexual conversion therapy can isolate individuals from supportive social circles, exacerbating feelings of isolation and leading to emotional distress. Internalized Shame: Internalizing the notion that one’s asexuality is a problem can result in profound feelings of shame and guilt, damaging overall mental well-being. Guidelines for Practice and Addressing Asexual Conversion Therapy In the absence of specific guidelines for working with asexual-identified clients, mental health professionals should adhere to existing multicultural and ethical guidelines. The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Guidelines for Multicultural Practice emphasize recognizing and addressing personal biases, understanding power dynamics, and challenging institutional barriers. Clinicians should adopt a humanistic and feminist approach to therapy. The humanistic model emphasizes empathy, client-centered therapy, and self-empowerment. Therapists should create a safe space for asexual clients to explore their identities without judgment. The feminist model of psychotherapy places importance on the context of clients’ lives and their intersecting social identities. By empowering clients and advocating for social change, therapists can combat the stigma and discrimination that contribute to asexual conversion therapy. Key Statistics about Suicide and LGBTQ+ People: A Dire Connection Research has consistently shown a distressing correlation between conversion therapy and mental health outcomes, including a heightened risk of suicide. LGBTQ+ individuals who are subjected to conversion therapy are significantly more likely to experience depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal ideation. According to a study by the Trevor Project, LGBTQ+ youth who have undergone conversion therapy are more than twice as likely to attempt suicide as those who have not. Advocating for Change: Promoting Acceptance and Banning Conversion Therapy Recognizing the deeply harmful effects of conversion therapy, numerous countries around the world have taken steps to ban or restrict its practice. However, the fight for LGBTQ+ rights and mental health advocacy is far from over. To combat asexual ‘conversion’ therapy in Asia and beyond, it is crucial to: Raise Awareness: Educate the public about the dangers of conversion therapy and its impact on individuals’ mental health. Support LGBTQ+ Youth: Provide safe spaces, resources, and counseling for LGBTQ+ individuals, especially youth, who are vulnerable to the harmful effects of conversion therapy. Advocate for Legal Measures: Push for legal bans on conversion therapy, backed by appropriate penalties for those who perpetrate it. Promote Inclusivity: Foster a culture of acceptance, respect, and understanding for diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Conclusion Asexual ‘conversion’ therapy in Asia is a distressing practice that highlights the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and acceptance. The harmful effects of conversion therapy on individuals who identify as asexual are deeply troubling, and efforts must be made to raise awareness about these harmful practices, challenge societal prejudices, and
HASHTAG: Asexual phobia, LGBTQ+ community, discrimination, hate crime, prejudice Introduction Asexual phobia, also known as acephobia or ‘A’ phobia, refers to the discrimination and prejudice faced by individuals who lack sexual attraction or interest in sexual activity. This form of discrimination is often directed towards people who identify as asexual or fall within the asexual spectrum. While society’s understanding of asexuality is gradually growing, there is still a lack of recognition and examination of prejudice against asexual individuals. This article delves into the prevalence of acephobia, the various manifestations of anti-asexual prejudice, and the impact it has on the LGBTQ+ community. Prevalence of Acephobia Despite the increasing awareness surrounding asexuality and aromanticism, prejudice against asexual and aromantic individuals remains largely unexamined. Research in this area has uncovered strong bias against ace people, with evidence suggesting that they face more prejudice, avoidance, and discrimination compared to cisgender, heterosexual, and even cisgender lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. In fact, asexual people are often dehumanized, viewed as “machine-like” and lacking emotions. This highlights the urgent need to address anti-asexual bias and protect ace individuals from violence, abuse, and discrimination. Recognizing Anti-Asexual Prejudice Acephobia encompasses various prejudicial attitudes towards asexual and aromantic individuals, based on negative stereotypes. Some common misconceptions and biases include: Believing that asexual individuals are less than human or against human nature. Considering asexuality as a result of mental illness or sexual abuse, thereby viewing asexual individuals as deficient or broken. Assuming that asexual individuals simply haven’t met the “right” person or are going through a phase. Denying their ability to experience love and form meaningful relationships. Labeling asexual individuals as “prudes” and dismissing asexuality as a choice rather than an orientation. Undermining their experiences of oppression and claiming that they are damaging the LGBTQ+ cause. Understanding Anti-Asexual Hate Crime Anti-asexual hate crime refers to any offense, whether verbal or physical, that targets an individual due to their asexual identity. This can include verbal abuse, violence, and online harassment from both strangers and acquaintances. It is important to note that asexuality might not always be visible to others, leading to concentrated abuse in settings where the perpetrator and the targeted person know each other. This can manifest as verbal abuse, unwanted sexual touching, and even domestic abuse within relationships. Shockingly, incidents of “corrective” rape, aimed at changing an individual’s orientation, also occur. These crimes may often go unrecognized in mainstream services, emphasizing the need for accurate recording and addressing of their motivations. To be recorded as a hate incident, a report need not explicitly mention anti-asexual language. It is sufficient for the reporting person to perceive that the incident was motivated by acephobia. Police guidance states that any crime or non-criminal incident should be recorded as motivated by sexual orientation hatred if the reporter feels it was driven by such motivations. However, evidence is required for a court to record a hate crime. Combating Anti-Asexual Prejudice within the LGBTQ+ Community Asexuality is an integral part of sexual diversity, and thus, asexual and aromantic individuals rightfully belong within the LGBTQ+ community. However, it is essential to acknowledge that ace individuals can face prejudice and exclusion even within the community itself. Some argue against the inclusion of asexuality under the LGBTQ+ umbrella, citing similar objections raised historically against bisexual and transgender inclusion. This opposition often hinders the full inclusion and support of asexual individuals. It is crucial for LGBTQ+ service providers to raise awareness about ace identities and acephobia, working towards creating an inclusive environment for all sexual and romantic minorities. Intersectionality: Asexual Individuals and Multiple Forms of Discrimination Sexual orientation and romantic orientation are distinct aspects of an individual’s identity. Asexual individuals may identify as heteroromantic, homoromantic, biromantic, panromantic, or aromantic, leading them to face additional forms of discrimination. In addition to acephobia, asexual and aromantic individuals may also encounter homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, ableism, racism, and other intersecting prejudices. It is crucial to acknowledge and address these multiple forms of oppression when supporting and advocating for asexual individuals. In cases where individuals face hostility rooted in various types of hatred, they should be able to request authorities to record incidents under multiple hate incident categories. Institutional Discrimination and Lack of Legal Protection Asexual individuals often face institutional discrimination due to a lack of understanding and recognition of their identity. Marriages, for example, may be invalidated if not legitimized by consummation, which poses a challenge for asexual individuals who do not experience sexual attraction. Sex education programs in schools may also fail to adequately address asexuality, perpetuating misunderstandings and hindering acceptance. Furthermore, asexual individuals may be pressured into engaging in sexual activity or subjected to attempts to “fix” their asexuality through medical intervention. These systemic challenges highlight the need for greater awareness, education, and legal protection for asexual individuals. Media Representation and Services The representation of asexuality in mainstream media and services is often inadequate, leading to hostility, prejudice, and rejection of asexual individuals. Online dating platforms, such as Bumble and Match.com, frequently lack options for individuals to identify as asexual, making it difficult for them to find suitable romantic partners. Moreover, media portrayals of asexuality can perpetuate negative stereotypes and portray asexuality as undesirable or even pathological. These misrepresentations contribute to the erasure and marginalization of asexual individuals. It is essential for media outlets and service providers to improve their understanding and representation of asexuality, ensuring inclusivity and accurate depictions. Combating Asexual Phobia: Legislation and Education Efforts have been made to combat anti-asexual discrimination through legislation and education. Some countries have implemented laws to protect individuals from discrimination based on their sexual orientation, including asexuality. Workshops and educational programs on asexuality have also been conducted to raise awareness and challenge misconceptions. These initiatives aim to foster understanding, acceptance, and support for asexual individuals within society. Continued advocacy and education are crucial in dismantling asexual phobia and creating a more inclusive and equal world for all. Conclusion Asexual phobia, or acephobia, is a form of discrimination that affects individuals
Amidst the vibrant culture of the Asian region, a hidden struggle unfolded within the queer community—a struggle often overlooked and marginalized. This was the life of the asexual community, who faced challenges that extended far beyond the boundaries of sexuality. For years, the asexual movement had been overshadowed by other aspects of the queer movement. While IDAHOBIT (International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, Intersexism, and Transphobia) brought attention to various issues, asexuality and ace phobia remained largely unaddressed. Yet, the asexual community grappled with its own set of hardships, from invisibility to stigma, discrimination, and violence. Teenagers, young adults, and individuals at various life stages bore the weight of coming out as asexual, fearing the backlash of sex shaming. Often, these brave souls found themselves threatened not only by societal misunderstanding but also by intimate partner violence and social bullying. Women, especially, faced harrowing challenges. Corrective rape and forced marriage loomed as stark realities, particularly in countries where economic independence for women was far from commonplace. In the face of these challenges, the practice of ‘conversion’ therapy cast a dark shadow. These so-called therapies treated asexual individuals as though they suffered from sexual dysfunction, leading to acts of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. Forced medication, confinement, verbal humiliation—all became part of the daily struggle for asexual persons. The pain endured from these therapies left not only physical scars but also deep-rooted psychological trauma. A case study from Bangladesh highlighted the grim reality. Dipa Mahbuba Yasmin, a survivor of ‘conversion’ therapy, recounted her journey. Faced with doctors attempting to “treat” her asexuality as a disorder, Yasmin found herself grappling with Gamophobia, Frigidity, Psychosexual Disorder, and even OCD labels. During this time, mental health support was scarce, and she resorted to online therapy from India through the help of a supportive Indian activist’s friend. In Bangladesh, where economic disparity persisted, women’s financial dependence on fathers or husbands exacerbated their vulnerability. Pressure to arrange marriages from low-income families mounted, driving many asexual women to flee their homes in desperation. Yet, safety and shelter remained elusive, forcing them to return to the very environments they sought to escape. Shelters and safe homes were few, and even those that existed were often ill-equipped to address the specific needs of asexual individuals. The legal framework in some Muslim countries, including Bangladesh, further compounded the hardships of asexual women. Forced marriages and marital rape remained legally permissible, and the strictures of Sharia law made it nearly impossible for women to seek divorce on the grounds of sexual incompatibility. Asexual women, already marginalized within a patriarchal society, were thus forced into harrowing marriages that denied them agency over their own bodies and lives. Amidst these challenges, asexual activism started to grow globally. However, this movement faced a chronic lack of funding and support. Despite the inspiring efforts of advocates, the asexual community struggled to gather the resources needed to create safe spaces, provide mental health support, and challenge the harmful practices and attitudes that continued to plague their lives. The story of the asexual community in the Asian region is one of resilience, courage, and the unyielding pursuit of justice. While they faced the shadows of stigma, discrimination, and violence, they persisted in raising their voices, fighting for visibility, and demanding their rights as individuals deserving of respect, love, and understanding. Their journey served as a poignant reminder that progress and equality within the queer community required the inclusion and support of all its diverse members, regardless of their sexual orientation.
Introduction “Corrective” rape is a term that has gained significant global attention in recent years due to its disturbing nature and the harm it inflicts upon individuals. It refers to the horrific act of raping someone with the intention of changing their sexual orientation or gender identity. While this form of violence is predominantly associated with the LGBTQ+ community, a lesser-known aspect is that asexual individuals can also fall victim to this heinous crime. This article explores the unique forms of “corrective” rape experienced by asexual victims, the dynamics of partner-involved rape in these cases, the prevalence of such incidents, and the broader context of sexual assault within intimate relationships. Understanding “Corrective” Rape and Asexuality “Corrective” is a heinous crime in which individuals are sexually assaulted, often with the intent to “correct” their sexual orientation or gender identity. Asexuality, an intrinsic aspect of one’s sexual orientation characterized by a lack of sexual attraction or interest, is sometimes misunderstood or even dismissed by society. This lack of awareness can make asexual individuals more vulnerable to sexual violence, as they may encounter disbelief or invalidation of their experiences. Is It Rape? The Asexual Experience In many cases, the perpetrators of “corrective” rape against asexual victims are their own spouses or intimate partners. The dynamics of partner-involved rape in these situations can be complex. The answer lies not only in the legal definitions of rape but also in recognizing the gross violation of autonomy and consent that underlie such actions. The prevalence of this form of abuse remains largely undocumented due to factors such as victim silence, stigma, and a lack of awareness surrounding asexuality itself. Breaking the Myths: Marital/Partner Rape in Non-Violent Relationships Marital or partner rape is not exclusive to violent relationships. Many instances of intimate partner sexual assault occur within seemingly non-violent relationships. The absence of physical violence does not negate the violation of consent. Asexual victims in non-violent relationships may still be coerced, manipulated, or guilt-tripped into sexual activities against their will, which can have profound psychological and emotional impacts. Forms of Corrective Rape Unique to Asexual Victims Asexual individuals who find themselves in intimate relationships can face specific forms of corrective rape that are distinct from those experienced by other sexual orientations. These forms include: The Scope of the Issue Contrary to common misconceptions, asexual individuals can find themselves in both violent and non-violent relationships where they are subjected to sexual assault. Marital or partner rape is not exclusive to physically violent relationships; rather, it’s rooted in a power dynamic that allows one partner to violate the other’s autonomy. The frequency of sexual assault among asexual victims is still being explored, and much of the available research is anecdotal, highlighting the need for comprehensive studies that can reveal the true extent of this issue. The Disturbing Reality: Type and Frequency Preliminary research suggests that asexual victims of sexual assault experience episodes of rape that parallel the experiences of other survivors of intimate partner violence. These episodes may include vaginal, oral, and anal penetration, with forced vaginal intercourse being the most commonly reported form of assault. It’s alarming to note that a significant percentage of victims experience repeated episodes of sexual assault, indicating that this abuse is not limited to isolated incidents. Health Consequences Asexual victims of “corrective” rape face a range of physical and psychological health consequences. This includes not only the immediate physical trauma of the sexual assault itself but also long-term health problems such as vaginal and rectal bleeding, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The psychological toll is equally profound, with victims at an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and suicidal tendencies. Research Recommendations and Conclusion To address the unique forms of “corrective” rape targeting asexual victims, comprehensive research is essential. Justice, health, and social service professionals must be educated about the specific experiences of asexual victims, understanding the nuances of asexuality and the grave consequences of this form of abuse. Assessing for sexual assault, providing appropriate referrals for treatment, and offering safety planning information are crucial steps in supporting asexual survivors on their path to healing. As societies continue to evolve, it’s imperative that we recognize and address the diverse forms of abuse that individuals can endure. By shedding light on the unique aspects of “corrective” rape targeting asexual victims, we pave the way for informed interventions, policy changes, and societal awareness that can help eradicate this disturbing phenomenon. It is high time that we stand united against all forms of intimate partner violence and sexual assault, ensuring a safer and more inclusive world for everyone. Conclusion: Corrective rape targeting asexual individuals is a disturbing reality that demands immediate attention from society, policymakers, and researchers. Efforts to raise awareness, provide support, and conduct in-depth research are essential to addressing this unique form of violence and ensuring justice for the victims. By acknowledging the experiences of asexual individuals and working towards their safety and well-being, we can strive for a more inclusive and compassionate society.